Individualisation and individualised science across disciplinary perspectives

Kaiser, M. I., Killin, A., Abendroth, A.-K., Back, M. D., Baune, B. T., Bilstein, N., Breitmoser, Y., Caspers, B. A., Gadau, J., Gossmann, T. I., Kaiser, S., Krüger, O., Kurtz, J. Lengersdorf, D., Malsch, A. K. F., Müller, C. Rauthmann, J.F., Reinhold, K., Richter, S. H., Stummer, C., Trappes, R., Voelcker-Rehage, C., & Wittmann, M. J.

Zusammenfassung

Recent efforts in a range of scientific fields have emphasised research and methods concerning individual differences and individualisation. This article brings together various scientific disciplines—ecology, evolution, and animal behaviour; medicine and psychiatry; public health and sport/exercise science; sociology; psychology; economics and management science—and presents their research on individualisation. We then clarify the concept of individualisation as it appears in the disciplinary casework by distinguishing three kinds of individualisation studied in and across these disciplines: IndividualisationONE as creating/changing individual differences (the process that generates differences between individuals: intrapopulation or intraspecific variation/heterogeneity), IndividualisationTWO as individualising applications (the tailoring or customising of something—information, treatment, a product or service, etc.—for an individual or specific group of individuals), and IndividualisationTHREE as social changes influencing autonomy, risk, and responsibilities (the process discussed under the rubric of sociological individualisation theory). Moreover, we analyse conceptual links between individualisation and individuality, and characterise different sorts of individuality that the disciplines study. This paper aims to promote interdisciplinary research concerning individualisation by establishing a common conceptual-theoretical basis, while leaving room for disciplinary differences.