Thrombo-inflammation in cardiovascular disease: An expert consensus document from the third Maastricht Consensus Conference on thrombosis

d'Alessandro E, Becker C, Bergmeier W, Bode C, Bourne JH, Brown H, Buller HR, Ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Ten Cate V, Cauteren YJM, Cheung YFH, Cleuren A, Coenen D, Crijns HJGM, Simone I, Dolleman SC, Klein CE, Fernandez DI, Granneman L, T Hof A, Henke P, Henskens YMC, Huang J, Jennings LK, Jooss N, Karel M, Kerkhof D, Klok FA, Kremers B, Lämmle B, Leader A, Lundstrom A, Mackman N, Mannucci PM, Maqsood Z, Meijden PEJ, Moorsel M, Moran LA, Morser J, Mourik M, Navarro S, Neagoe RAI, Olie RH, Paridon P, Posma J, Provenzale I, Reitsma PH, Scaf B, Schurgers L, Seelig J, Siegbahn A, Siegerink B, Soehnlein O, Soriano EM, Sowa MA, Spronk HMH, Storey RF, Tantiwong C, Veninga A, Wang X, Watson SP, Weitz J, Zeerleder SS, Ten Cate H, {Scientific Reviewer Committee}

Abstract

Thrombo-inflammation describes the complex interplay between blood coagulation and inflammation that plays a critical role in cardiovascular diseases. The third Maastricht Consensus Conference on Thrombosis assembled basic, translational, and clinical scientists to discuss the origin and potential consequences of thrombo-inflammation in the etiology, diagnostics, and management of patients with cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. This article presents a state-of-the-art reflection of expert opinions and consensus recommendations regarding the following topics: (1) challenges of the endothelial cell barrier; (2) circulating cells and thrombo-inflammation, focused on platelets, neutrophils, and neutrophil extracellular traps; (3) procoagulant mechanisms; (4) arterial vascular changes in atherogenesis; attenuating atherosclerosis and ischemia/reperfusion injury; (5) management of patients with arterial vascular disease; and (6) pathogenesis of venous thrombosis and late consequences of venous thromboembolism.