Dextromethorphan and dextrorphan influence insulin secretion by interacting with K(ATP) and L-type Ca2+ channels in pancreatic β-cells

Gresch A, Düfer M

Abstract

The NMDA receptor antagonist dextromethorphan (DXM) and its metabolite dextrorphan (DXO) have been recommended for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus because of their beneficial effects on insulin secretion. This study investigates how different key points of the stimulus-secretion coupling in mouse islets and b-cells are influenced by DXM or DXO. Both compounds elevated insulin secretion, electrical activity, and [Ca2+]c in islets at a concentration of 100 mM along with a stimulating glucose concentration. DXO and DXM increased insulin secretion approximately 30-fold at a substimulatory glucose concentration (3 mM). Patch-clamp experiments revealed that 100 mM DXM directly inhibited KATP channels by about 70%. Of note, DXM decreased the current through L-type Ca2+ channels about 25%, leading to a transient reduction in Ca2+ action potentials. This interaction might explain why elevating DXM to 500 mM drastically decreased insulin release. DXO inhibited KATP channels almost equally. In islets of KATP channel-deficient sulfonylurea receptor 1 knockout mice, the elevating effects of 100 mM DXM on [Ca2+]c and insulin release were completely lost. By contrast, 100 mM DXO still increased glucose-stimulated insulin release around 60%. In summary, DXM-induced alterations in stimulus-secretion coupling of wild-type islets result from a direct block of KATP channels and are partly counteracted by inhibition of L-type Ca2+ channels. The stimulatory effect of DXO seems to be based on a combined antagonism on KATP channels and NMDA receptors and already occurs under resting conditions. Consequently, both compounds seem not to be suitable candidates for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.