Competitive Rechargeable Zinc Batteries for Energy Storage

Ruppert, Janik; Stegemann, Luca; Bauer, Alexander; Bieker, Peter; Grünebaum, Mariano; Tempel, Hermann; Windmüller, Anna; Leker, Jens; Winter, Martin; Eichel, Rüdiger‐A.; Neuhaus, Kerstin; Durmus, Emre Yasin

Abstract

The continuously increased demand for electrical energy and the associated strong growth in renewable energy necessitate robust, sustainable, and cost-effective stationary energy storage solutions. This review paper evaluates zinc-based batteries as viable alternatives to conventional lithium-ion and vanadium redox flow systems for stationary storage applications. Highlighting zinc's accessibility, cost-effectiveness, lower environmental impact, and well-developed recycling infrastructure, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of various zinc battery chemistries, including zinc-metal, zinc-air, and zinc redox flow batteries. The study provides a historical context of zinc battery development from primary to secondary cells while identifying key challenges, such as low cell voltage, dendrite formation, passivation, and hydrogen evolution. Current advancements in electrode design, including novel 3D architectures, tailored electrolyte formulations, and optimized catalyst development, are discussed in detail. Additionally, a techno-economic analysis compares material costs and operational efficiencies of zinc systems with state-of-the-art alternatives, underscoring their competitive advantage. The interplay between material properties and system performance is also addressed, offering insights into improving cycling stability and energy density. Overall, this review describes the potential to position zinc batteries as promising candidates for large-scale, sustainable energy storage, capable of complementing and potentially replacing existing technologies in an evolving energy landscape