Dynamic Kinetic Sensitization of β-Dicarbonyl Compounds—Access to Medium-Sized Rings by De Mayo-Type Ring Expansion

Paulisch, Tiffany O.; Mai, Lukas A.; Strieth-Kalthoff, Felix; James, Michael J.; Henkel, Christian; Guldi, Dirk M.; Glorius, Frank

Abstract

Herein, we present a photocatalyzed two-carbon ring expansion of β-dicarbonyl compounds with unactivated olefins that provides facile access to medium-sized rings. Selective sensitization of the substoichiometric enol tautomer enables reactivity of substrates incompatible with the classical De Mayo reaction conditions. Key to success is the identification of the metal-based sensitizer fac-[Ir(CF3-pmb)3], which can be excited using common near-visible LEDs, and possesses a high triplet excited state energy of 73.3 kcal mol−1. This exactly falls in the range between the triplet energies of the enol and keto tautomer, thereby enabling a dynamic kinetic sensitization. Demonstrating the applicability of fac-[Ir(CF3-pmb)3] as a photocatalyst in organic synthesis for the first time, we describe a two-step photocycloaddition-ring-opening cascade with β-ketoesters, -diketones, and -ketoamides. The mechanism has been corroborated by time-resolved spectroscopy, as well as further experimental and computational studies.